Data Center Glossary

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2N

A redundancy model that ensures that every component has a backup such that the data center has no single point of failure.

A

AMP

Amp, a unit of electrical current.

AC

Alternating Current, the designation given to power that is delivered in the form of a sinusoidal wave form.

ACAE

Air Conditioning Airflow Efficiency, the amount of heat removed per standard cubic foot of airflow per minute.

Agile development

Agile development is an approach to software development that emphasizes incremental steps and regular feedback from application users. In the data center, agility means being able to respond quickly to user and organizational changes.

AHU

Air Handling Unit.

Air Mixing

The unintended mixing of cold and hot air.

Airside Economizer

A device consisting of fans, ducting and a control which utilizes outside air directly to cool the data center when environmental conditions allow.

Aisle

The open space between rows of racks. Best-practice dictates racks should be arranged with consistent orientation of front and back to create ‘cold’ and ‘hot’ aisles.

AMS

Asset Management System.

ASHRAE

American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers is an international technical society organized to advance the arts and sciences of air management.

B

BACnet

A data communication protocol for building automation and control networks.

BAS

Building Automation System.

Blanking Panel

A device mounted in unused U spaces in a rack that restricts recirculation airflow, also called blanking or filler plates.

BMS

Building Management System, synonymous with BAS, AMS and other computer-based tools used to manage data center assets.

Branch Circuit Monitoring (BCM)

A monitoring system used to record and monitor an individual electrical circuit. Typical parameters which are monitored include amperage, voltage, power factor, apparent power (volt amps), real power (watts) and energy usage (watt-hours).

BTU

British Thermal Unit, a unit of energy. 1kWh = 3412btu. Cooling equipment capacity is commonly specified in btu/hr.

Bypass Airflow

Conditioned air that does not reach computer equipment. With fixed speed fans (common in DX equipment), some bypass air is inevitable and without containment, some bypass air is prudent. Unintended bypass air can occur by escaping through cable cut-outs, holes under cabinets, misplaced perforated tiles or holes in the computer room perimeter walls.

Blade server

A blade server is a small form-factor computer, typically used in arrays mounted together in a frame that fits into a standard rack.

C

C/H

Cooling/Heating.

Cabinet

Device for holding IT equipment, also called a rack.

CAC

Cold Aisle Containment system that directs cooled air from air conditioning equipment to the inlet side of racks in a highly efficient manner.

CADE

Corporate Average Data Center Efficiency.

CapEx

Capital Expense, the cost of purchasing capital equipment.

Carbon Footprint

A measurement of the volume of Carbon Dioxide generated by business operations, units are commonly metric tons.

CFD

Computational Fluid Dynamics, a numerical analysis technique commonly used in the analysis of airflow in data centers.

Chiller

A unit consisting of a compressor, a condensing section and an expansion section. The condensing and expansion sections nearly always have water or glycol as the heat transfer agent to the rest of the system; primary water/glycol on the condensing side and secondary water on the expansion side.

Coefficient of Effectiveness (CoE)

Uptime Institute metric based on the Nash-Sutcliffe model efficiency coefficient.

Cold Aisle

An aisle where rack fronts face into the aisle. Chilled airflow is directed into this aisle so that it can then enter the fronts of the racks in a highly efficient manner.

Cold Spot

An area where ambient air temperature is below desired levels. Typically caused by ineffective airflow management necessitating a temperature set point lower than that which would be required with proper airflow management.

Containment

Using either long curtains or rigid plastic to maintain a physical barrier between a hot and cold aisle. Keeping warm exhaust air away from the intake of the server racks is a crucial part of making any data center more efficient.

COP

Coefficient of Performance, used to rate the effectiveness of heat pumps or cooling units. It is the ratio of the load on a cooling unit and the energy that it uses.

CR

Computer Room.

Cooling Tower

A device which cools water via the direct evaporation of some of the water. Water is pumped into the top of the cooling tower and allowed to run down over the fill, typically pads or strips into a sump at the bottom of the cooling tower. Air is drawn in from the sides over the fill by fans in the top of the tower, evaporating some of the water which cools the remaining water. The temperature of the water in the sump is controlled by varying the speed of the fans. The water in the sump is then used to cool the condensing section of a chiller or to cool the secondary loop directly via a heat exchanger (see water side economizer).

Critical Load

Computer equipment whose uptime is critical, typically supported by a UPS.

CSI

Cold Supply Infiltration index, quantifies the amount of hot air mixing with cold inlet air prior to entering the rack.

CUE

Carbon Usage Effectiveness, a metric defined by the Green Grid, which is a measure of data center sustainability in terms of data center specific carbon emissions. CUE is calculated by dividing the “total CO2 emissions caused by total data center energy” by the “energy consumption of the IT computing equipment”.

CW

Chilled Water.

Chargeback

Chargeback is a system by which the data center or the IT department in an organization bills users for the computing services they consume.

Cloud computing

Cloud computing is essentially delivering computing as a service. Cloud computing uses different chargeback plans than traditional data center approaches, typically billing flat fees per user per month.

D

DC

Direct Current, a non-time varying method of delivering power. While slightly more efficient then AC if utilized between the DC portion of the UPS and the power supplies in IT equipment, it has not won wide acceptance in modern data centers.

DCIE

Data Center infrastructure Efficiency, a metric developed by the Green Grid, data center infrastructure efficiency is an efficiency measure that is calculated by dividing the IT equipment power consumption by the power consumption of the entire data center. This measure is the inverse of PUE.

Dead Band

A control technique which prevents oscillation or unnecessary cycling of a controlled variable. In data center cooling, it typically applies to the action of the CRAC or CRAH relative to the set point. A certain amount of dead band around the set point prevents unnecessary cycling of the compressor or chilled water valve.

D/H

Dehumidifying/Humidifying

Dry-Bulb Temperature

The temperature of the air measured using a dry-bulb thermometer such that evaporative cooling has no effect. Typically taken in conjunction with a wet-bulb reading which does include the evaporative cooling effect in order to determine relative humidity.

Dry Cooler

A liquid-to-air heat exchanger that is a radiator over which air is blown via fans. Typically used as the heat rejection device for water or glycol cooled condensers, may also be used as the heat rejection device for liquid cooled coils in an AHU under proper environmental conditions

Data center (DC)

A data center is a facility that houses enterprise computer resources and the supporting power and cooling infrastructure.

Data center infrastructure management (DCIM)

DCIM comprises software tools for discovering, monitoring and controlling assets forming a data center, including both power and computing resources.

Data deduplication

Data dedup is a method of minimizing data storage requirements by eliminating redundant instances of data. Various deduplication algorithms flag data at the file or block level.

E

EFC

Equivalent Full Cabinets, the number of full cabinets that would exist if all the equipment in the data center were concentrated in full cabinets.

ESD

Electrostatic Discharge, more commonly “static discharge”.

Ethernet

Ethernet is a nearly ubiquitous network technology that divides data into packets or frames. First commercially available in 1980, it has become an industry standard. Throughput typically ranges from 1 gigabit per second to 10 Gigabit Ethernet, but IEEE has published standards for 40 and 100 Gig-E speeds.

F

Fibre Channel

Fibre Chanel is a high-speed data network technology commonly used for storage area networks within data centers. Originally developed for communications among super computers, it is capable of transfer rates of up to 10 gigabits per second.

Ft2

Square feet, a unit of area.

G

GPM

Gallons Per Minute, a unit of flow rate.

H

HAC

Hot Aisle Containment, system that directs heated air from the outlet side of racks to air conditioning equipment return ducts in a highly efficient manner.

HDG

Hot Dipped Galvanized.

Hot Aisle

An aisle where rack backs face into the aisle. Heated exhaust air from the equipment in the racks enters this aisle and is then directed to the CRAC return vents.

HPDC

High-Performance Data Center, a data center with above average kW loading, typically greater than 10kW/rack.

Hot Spot

An area, typically related to a rack or set of racks, where ambient air temperature is above acceptable levels. Typically caused by poor airflow management (insufficient cool air supply or an excess of recirculation).

Hypervisor

A hypervisor is the layer of software that manages communications between virtual machines and the hardware on which they are running at any given moment. It allows multiple operating systems to run simultaneously as guests on a host physical server.

HVAC

Heating, Ventilation and Air Conditioning system, the set of components used to condition interior air including heating and cooling equipment as well as ducting and related airflow devices.

Ι

In-Row Cooling

Cooling technology installed between racks in a row that draws warm air from the hot aisle and delivers cool air to the cold aisle, minimizing the path of the air (see close coupled cooling).

Inlet Air

The air entering the referenced equipment. For air conditioning equipment this is the heated air returning to be cooled, also called return air. For racks and servers this is the cooled air entering the equipment.

IP

Internet Protocol, a communications technology using the internet for communications.

IR

Infrared spectrum used by thermal imaging technologies.

Incident management

Incident management encompasses the processes and activities conducted in response to one-time events that disrupt data center service.

IT Infrastructure Library (ITIL)

ITIL is a set of service-oriented best practices to guide the data center in supporting the broader organization’s needs. ITIL prescribes not only the processes for service management but also the competencies, skills and metrics that are needed.

J

JVM

Java Virtual Machine, Java interpreter. Software that converts the Java intermediate language into executable machine language.

K

kBTU

Kilo British Thermal Unit, one thousand BTU (see BTU).

kCFM

Kilo-Cubic Feet per Minute, one thousand CFM (see CFM).

kV

Kilovolt, one thousand volts, (see V).

kW

Kilowatts, one thousand watts (see W).

kWh

Killowatt-Hour, one thousand watt hours (see Wh). kWh is a common unit of electrical energy.

kVA

Kilovolt Amperes = voltage x current (amperage) (see VA).

KVM

Keyboard, Video, Mouse, an interface technology that enables users to access multiple servers remotely from one or more KVM sites. More obscurely, can also mean Kernel-base Virtual Machine: a version of the Java Virtual Machine for small devices with limited memory.

L

Latent Cooling

The process of condensing water out of air, then evaporating the water later. Energy is given up by the water during condensation. If the water is then later evaporated (such as from a drip tray), the amount of energy used to evaporate the water is the same as the amount of energy given up by the water vapor to the cooling equipment when it was condensed. Cooling is occurring later in time, hence the name “latent cooling”. In a system where condensed water is pumped or drained away, the cooling that may occur from evaporation does not cool the environment where the condensation took place so the cooling capacity spent condensing the water vapor is wasted energy.

Latent Cooling Capacity

Cooling capacity related to wet bulb temperature and objects that produce condensation.

Line Noise

Distortions superimposed on the power waveform that may cause electromagnetic interference.

Liquid Cooling

A general term used to refer to cooling technology that uses a liquid evacuate heat. In data centers, the two prevalent forms of heat evacuation are liquid (chilled water) and refrigerant (DX).

Load

The demand placed on a system, typically used to describe the electrical demand on the electrical supply system or the cooling demand on the cooling system. Units are power such as kW, BTU/hr, Tons, etc.

M

MAH

Makeup Air Handler, an air handler that conditions and delivers outside air into an occupied space.

Make-Up Air

The conditioned air delivered by a MAU or MAH.

MAU

Makeup Air Unit, synonymous with MAH.

Maximum Temperature Rate of Change

An ASHRAE standard established to ensure stable air temperatures. The standard is 9 degrees F per hour.

Media Access Control (MAC) address

A MAC address is a unique identifier added to network interface cards by the manufacturer that is necessary for communicating on networks.

MERV

Minimum Efficiency Reporting Value, ASHRAE 52.2, for air filtration measured in particulate size.

MW

Mega Watt, a measure of power equal to one million watts. Offten used to describe the size of data ceters in terms of power capacity.

N

N+1

Need plus one, a redundancy concept where capacity is configured to include used capacity plus one additional device to enable continued operations with the failure of one system in the configuration.

NEBS

Network Equipment-Building System design guidelines applied to telecommunications equipment.

Network-attached storage (NAS)

NAS refers to data storage appliances, designed for use by two or more computers on a common network, that typically house redundant disk arrays. They appear as file servers to applications making calls across the network.

Nominal Cooling Capacity

The total cooling capacity of air conditioning equipment, includes both latent cooling and sensible cooling capacities

O

OpEx

Operating Expense, the ongoing expenses related to operating the data center.

Overcooling

A situation where air is cooled below optimum levels. Typically used in reference to rack inlet temperatures.

Orchestration

Orchestration refers to the automation of a series of tasks, from provisioning a user to invoking a series of services.

P

PDU

Power Distribution Unit, this typically refers to one of two pieces of equipment in the power delivery chain. One is the combination transformer/breaker panel that is often used between a UPS supplying voltage higher than that used by the IT equipment and the cabinets. The other is the smaller “power strip” like device that is used inside the rack to distribute power to the IT equipment.

PF

Power Factor represents the portion of the apparent power that is real power. The source of power factor is non-resistive components (inductors and capacitors) in the load on an AC power system. These components draw current that is 90 degrees out of phase with the voltage across them resulting in zero real power being delivered. While the power delivery system must carry this current (as well as all the current which does result in real power being delivered), it does no useful work. Power companies often charge a penalty for loads which have a power factor that is significantly far away from 1.0 since the size of the equipment that must be in place is dependent upon the total current delivered, but normal billing is based on real power delivered.

Pole

A row of power receptacles with power supplied from a PDU.

Pole Position

A power receptacle on a pole.

Potential Transformer (PT)

A device used to transform electrical potential (voltage) from one level to another with a specific ratio. For example, a 480:120 potential transformer transforms voltage on the primary side to voltage on the secondary side with a ratio of 4:1. CTs are typically used to transform large voltages to much smaller voltages so that standard metering equipment can be used on a variety of circuits by measuring the secondary voltage rather than the large primary voltage.

Pressure Differential

The difference in pressure between two locations in the data center. Air flows from higher pressure areas to lower pressure areas. Often times, the pressure differential between the under-floor plenum and the above-floor space is controlled by varying the speed of the fans supplying air to the under-floor plenum. This allows the addition of vented floor tiles to occur without affecting the air delivered to existing vented floor tiles so that additional IT load may be placed on the floor without disturbing the tuning of the existing floor.

P

Phase, a term that describes the relationship between multiple time-varying waveforms which have a constant frequency but differ in their position relative to time. It is also used to refer to the number of sinusoidal voltages that make up the power delivery to a device. Most common are three-phase and single-phase. Single-phase consists of 2 conductors between which a sinusoidal voltage is present. Three-phase is a set of 3 or 4 conductors. In the case of 3 conductors, a sinusoidal voltage of a constant magnitude and frequency but differing relationship with respect to time exists between any 2 conductors. In a 4 wire system, the same voltage as in the 3 wire case exists between any of the three “hot” conductors and in addition, between any of the three “hot” conductors and fourth neutral conductor there exists a voltage that is smaller by a factor of the square root of three than the voltage between any of the “hot” conductors. An example of this is a 208/120 three-phase system. 208 volts exists between any of the three “hot” conductors and 120 volts exists between any of the “hot” conductors and the neutral conductor.

Plate and Frame

A type of heat exchanger commonly used in water-to-water systems. It is a series of plates held in a frame through which exists 2 paths for water which are adjacent but separate. Plate and frame heat exchanges are simple to size via the addition of additional components and maintenance is straight-forward via disassembly.

Plenum

A receiving chamber for air used to direct air flow.

Primary Loop

Refers to the water loop which cools the condenser side of a chiller. This loop is cooled by dry coolers or cooling towers.

PU

Packaged Unit, an air handler that is a complete device shipped ready for use rather than a custom device that is assembled on-site from components.

PUE

Power Usage Effectiveness, a metric defined by the Green Grid, which is a measure of data center efficiency calculated by dividing the total data center energy consumption by the energy consumption of the IT computing equipment. This measure is the inverse of DCiE.

Power usage effectiveness (PUE)

PUE is a ratio measuring the power feeding into the data center to the power consumed by the IT equipment. A 1-to-1 ratio is a practical impossibility because lighting and air-conditioning also use power. A facility with a ratio of 1-to-5 is considered highly efficient.

Problem management

Problem management encompasses the processes and activities aimed at solving recurrent issues in the data center.

Q

R

Rack

Device for holding IT equipment, also called a cabinet.

RAH

Recirculation Air Handler, a device that circulates air but does not cool the air.

Raised Floor

Metal flooring on stanchions that creates a plenum for airflow and cabling, synonymous with RMF.

Recirculation

Air which exits IT equipment and then re-enters either the same IT equipment or another piece of IT equipment without being cooled. Typically caused by poor control of airflow due to missing blanking panels, gaps in rows, insufficient air supply, etc.

Resiliency

Resiliency is the ability of a data center to maintain service in spite of problems such as power outages, server failures or network link failures.

Return Air

The heated air returning to air conditioning equipment.

RFI

Radio Frequency Interference.

Rh

Relative Humidity.

RMF

Raised Metal Floor, an alternate term for the more commonly used term ‘raised floor’.

ROI

Return on Investment, a measure of the money that an entity earns as a percentage of the total value of its assets that are invested.

Rotary Heat Exchanger (Thermal Wheel)

This unique scalable and waterless air-side economizer design provides 90% effectiveness in heat rejection.

RPM

Revolutions per Minute, a unit of angular velocity.

RPP

Remote Power Panel.

RTU

Rooftop Unit, an air handler designed for outdoor use mounted on a rooftop.

S

S+S

System plus system.

SCFM

Standard Cubic Feet per Minute, the volumetric flow rate of a gas corrected to standardized conditions of temperature, pressure and relative humidity.

Secondary Loop

Refers to the water which is used to cool the heat exchangers in AHUs and is cooled via the expansion unit in a chiller.

Sensible Cooling

The action of lowering the dry bulb temperature of air without condensation taking place.

Set Point

In a control system, this is the value against which the variable that is being controlled is compared. Temperature and humidity set points are common in the cooling system for a data center.

Short Cycling

Chilled airflow returning to cooling units without passing through IT equipment, also referred to as bypass.

STS

Static Transfer Switch, a solid state device which transfers the feed of power from one source to another source such as from the incoming utility to a generator.

Sub-Floor

The open area underneath a raised computer floor, also called a sub-floor plenum.

Supply Air

The cooled airflow emitted from air conditioning equipment.

Service-level agreement (SLA)

An SLA is an agreement negotiated between the IT department and a user or a vendor that specifies how a service will be delivered in terms of response times, maximum allowable downtime and other performance parameters.

SPECvirt

SPECvirt is a benchmark published by the Standard Performance Evaluation Corp. to measure performance of servers in virtual environments. It simulates workloads under various server consolidation levels.

Storage area network (SAN)

A SAN is a storage environment that provides access to block-level data in disk arrays running on a dedicated network. SANs are distinguished from NAS, which provide file-level data, and use an interface standard that makes them appear as local storage to the operating system.

T

TCE

Triton Coefficient of Effectiveness, a data center efficiency metric developed by the Uptime Institute synonymous with UCE. (see also CoE)

Thermistor

A type of resistor with resistance varying according to its temperature.

Thin provisioning

Thin provisioning is a technique for making the most efficient use of SANs by allotting storage as needed on a dynamic basis rather than in bulk up front based on anticipated future requirements.

Tiering

Tiering refers to the storage of data in the most appropriate medium based on its intended use. Data needed on demand would be top-tier and stored on solid-state or fast disks. Data rarely needed would be archived on the lowest tier, usually optical disks or tape (sometimes offline).

Topology

The term topology refers to network design. Planning data center operations and enhancements require both physical and logical topologies.

U

A unit of space in a rack, equal to 1.75″. The vertical dimension of racks and IT equipment is often specified in “Us” such as 42U

UCE

Upsite Coefficient of Effectiveness, a data center efficiency metric developed by the Uptime Institute synonymous with UCE. (see also CoE)

UPS

Uninterruptible Power Supply, a device placed in series with the supply of power from the utility which contains energy storage such that the supply of power from the UPS is continuous even when the utility supply is removed. While battery-based energy storage is the most common, flywheel-based energy storage is gaining in popularity due to the reduced maintenance cost.

V

Virtualization

Virtualization involves the encapsulation of an application, operating system and memory as a self-contained software unit, known as a virtual machine (VM), that can reside with other VMs on a single server. A VM is not tied to a particular physical machine and can move easily from machine to machine based on load balancing, backup or recovery needs.

Volt

Volt, a unit of electrical potential.

VA

Volt-Amp, a unit of apparent power. In AC circuits, the magnitude of the voltage across a circuit times the current through the circuit is the apparent power. Including a representation of the angle between the two waveforms in the form of power factor (see PF) yields the real power.

VFD

Variable Frequency Drive, a device which supplies AC power of varying frequency, typically used to control the speed of induction motors. In the data center, it is common to vary the speed of fans, pumps, and chillers.

W

WAN

A WAN is a backbone network that serves geographically disparate users — consisting of a combination of dedicated lines, virtual networks over the Internet and wireless technologies.

Watt

Watt, a unit of power, commonly used in electrical discussion, watts are the product of potential (volts, see V) and current (amps, see A). If the current and voltage are AC, the relationship between watts, volts and amps includes power factor (see PF), watts = volts x amps x PF.

Waterside Economizer

A system which uses a source other than a chiller to cool the secondary loop water used by the AHUs. This typically consists of either a dry cooler or cooling tower, piping, valves and in the case of a cooling tower, it also includes a heat exchanger since the secondary loop water is treated completely differently than the primary loop water and is typically much “better” water.

Wet-Bulb Temperature

The temperature of the air measured using a wet-bulb thermometer, that is, the temperature to which a wet surface can be cooled by evaporation. This temperature is affected by both the dry bulb temperature and the dew point of the air. Dryer air has a lower wet bulb temperature. This is a design constraint when utilizing cooling towers or evaporative pads in the cooling process.

Wg

Inches of water column, a unit of pressure based on the height of a column of water supported by the pressure differential between the top and bottom of the column. 1 inch wg = .036 psi.

Work Cell

The area of a rack and the related area immediately in front of and behind the rack. Standard racks are 2 feet wide and 4 feet deep. Standard aisles are 4 feet wide, so half of that space is workspace for a given rack. This results in a standard work cell of 16 square feet. Actual work cell size varies with data center design.

WPSF

Watts per Square Foot, a unit of power density. In a data center this is a bulk term that refers to the total load in a particular space divided by the total area of that space. This is a design parameter for total capacity of the cooling and power systems and is used in conjunction with point load (the amount of load in a small space such as a rack).

WUE

Water Usage Effectiveness, a sustainability metric defined by The Green Grid, which is a measure of the water used on-site for data center operations including humidification and on-site evaporation for cooling or energy production. WUE is calculated by dividing “annual water usage” by the “energy consumption of the IT computing equipment”. The units of WUE are liters/kilowatt-hour (L/kWh).

X

Y

Z